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ADVENTURE

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File:Kjelkeoverisen.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Fridtjof Nansen won international fame after reaching a record northern latitude of 86°14′ during his Nansen's Fram expedition|North Pole expedition of 1893–96. ]]

An '''adventure''' is defined as an exciting or unusual experience; it may also be a bold, usually risk|risky undertaking, with an uncertain outcome.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/adventure Dictionary.com Unabridged]. Retrieved 4 January 2011.</ref> The term is often used to refer to activities with some potential for physical danger, such as skydiving, mountain climbing and or participating in extreme sports. The term also broadly refers to any enterprise that is potentially fraught with physical, financial or psychological risk, such as a business venture, a love affair, or other major life undertakings.

Adventurous experiences create psychological and physiological arousal,<ref></ref> which can be interpreted as negative (e.g. fear) or positive (e.g. flow (psychology)|flow), and which can be detrimental as stated by the Yerkes-Dodson law. For some people, adventure becomes a major pursuit in and of itself. According to adventurer André Malraux, in his ''La Condition Humaine'' (1933), "If a man is not ready to risk his life, where is his dignity?". Similarly, Helen Keller stated that "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing."

Outdoor adventurous activities are typically undertaken for the purposes of recreation or excitement: examples are adventure racing and Adventure travel|adventure tourism. Adventurous activities can also lead to gains in knowledge, such as those undertaken by explorers and pioneers. Adventure education intentionally uses challenging experiences for learning.

Adventure in mythology

Some of the oldest and most widespread stories in the world are stories of adventure such as Homer|Homer's ''The Odyssey''.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/books/review/Mansbach-t.html New York Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/05/31/reviews/fagles-odyssey.html New York Times]</ref><ref>Zweig, P. (1974). ''The adventurer: The fate of adventure in the Western world'', New York: Basic Books.</ref> Mythologist Joseph Campbell discussed his notion of the monomyth in his book, ''The Hero with a Thousand Faces''. Campbell proposed that the heroic mythological stories from culture to culture followed a similar underlying pattern, starting with the "call to adventure", followed by a hazardous journey, and eventual triumph. The adventure novel exhibits these "protagonist on adventurous journey" characteristics as do many popular feature films, such as ''Star Wars''<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/26/movies/moviesspecial/26STAR.html New York Times]</ref> and ''Raiders of the Lost Ark''.<ref>[http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=EE05E7DF173AA42CA1494CC6B6799D836896 New York Times]</ref>

File:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland - Carroll, Robinson - S001 - Cover.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' is a well-known example of a fantasized adventure story.]]

File:TR & Rondon River of Doubt in Canoe 1913.jpg|thumb|Theodore Roosevelt traveled in 1913 to the [[Amazon rainforest to trace the River of Doubt later named the Rio Roosevelt.]]
File:Lawrence of Arabia Brough Superior gif.gif|thumb|[[Thomas Edward Lawrence|T. E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia.]]

Adventurers

An adventurer is a person who bases his lifestyle or their fortunes on adventurous acts. An adventurer or adventuress is a term that usually takes one of three meanings:

*One whose travels are unusual and often exotic, though not so unique as to qualify as exploration.
*One who lives by their wits.
*One who takes part in a risky or speculative course of action for profit or position.

In fiction, the adventurer figure or Picaro may be regarded as a descendant of the knight-errant of Medieval Romance (heroic literature)|romance. Like the knight, the adventurer roams through episodic encounters, usually involving wealth, romance, or fighting. Unlike the knight, the adventurer was a realistic figure, often lower class or otherwise impoverished, who is forced to make his way to fortune, often by deceit. The picaresque novel originated in Spain in the middle of the fifteenth century, showcasing adventurers as roguish heroes of low social class who live by their wits in a corrupt society. Novels such as Lazarillo de Tormes were influential across Europe. Throughout the eighteenth century, a great number of novels featured bold, amoral, adventuring protagonists, who made their way into wealth and happiness, sometimes with and sometimes without the moral conversion that generally accompanies the Spanish model.

Under Victorian morality the term, used without qualifiers, came to imply a person of low moral character, often someone trying to marry for money.

In comic books such as ''Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe'' and ''Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe'', the term "adventurer" is used as a synonym for "super-hero" when listing a character's occupation.

In role-playing games, the player characters are often professional adventurers, who earn wealth and fame by adventure, such as undertaking hazardous missions, exploring ruins, and slaying monsters. This stereotype is strong enough that ''the adventurers'' can often be used as a synonym for ''the player characters''. Non-player character groups of adventurers can also exist, and can be an interesting encounter for the players.

List of adventurers

Historical adventurers

{|
|-----
| valign="top" |
*Roy Chapman Andrews
*Ibn Battuta
*George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle
*Frederick Gustavus Burnaby
*Richard Francis Burton
*Calamity Jane|Martha Jane "Calamity Jane" Canary-Burke
*Giacomo Casanova
*Percy Fawcett
*Bartholomew Gosnold
*Mata Hari
*James Holman
*Alexander von Humboldt
*Jørgen Jørgensen
*T. E. Lawrence
| valign="top" |
*David Livingstone
*Charles Fletcher Lummis
*Ranald MacDonald
*F.A. Mitchell-Hedges
*John Muir
*Marco Polo
*Arthur Rimbaud
*Teddy Roosevelt
*Ernest Shackleton
*John Smith of Jamestown|Captain John Smith
*Gustavus von Tempsky
*Edward John Trelawny
*Edward Maria Wingfield
*Zheng He
|}

Modern adventurers

File:Bear Grylls 2.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Bear Grylls]]

{|
|-----
| valign="top" |
*Brian Blessed
*Tania Aebi
*Benedict Allen
*Peter Blake (yachtsman)|Peter Blake (1948 – 2001)
*Charley Boorman
*Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz (1883 – 1940)
*Brian Caldwell
*Dave Canterbury|David Canterbury
*Morris Cohen (adventurer)|Morris Cohen (1887 – 1970)
*Tim Cope
*Laura Dekker
*David Dicks
*Jessica Dubroff (1988 – 1996)
*Hayatullah Khan Durrani
*Amelia Earhart (1897 – <nowiki>[1937]</nowiki>?)
*Ranulph Fiennes
*Ben Fogle
*Steve Fossett (1944 – 2007)
*Joshua French and Tjostolv Moland
*Josh Gates
*John Goddard (adventurer)|John Goddard
| valign="top" |
*Robin Lee Graham
*Bear Grylls
*Richard Halliburton (1900 – 1939)
*Heinrich Harrer (1912 – 2006)
*David Hempleman-Adams
*Thor Heyerdahl (1914 – 2002)
*Mike Horn
*Alastair Humphreys
*George Kourounis
*David Henry Lewis (1917 – 2002)
*Jason Lewis (adventurer)|Jason Lewis
*Cody Lundin
*Rory MacLean
*Jesse Martin
*David Mayer de Rothschild
*Christopher McCandless (1968 – 1992)
*Ewan McGregor
*Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski (1876 – 1945)
*Bruce Parry
*David Cornthwaite
*Robert Young Pelton
| valign="top" |
*Michael Perham
*Bertrand Piccard
*Simon Reeve (UK television presenter)|Simon Reeve
*Jim Rogers
*Tahir Shah
*Reid Stowe
*Les Stroud
*Abby Sunderland
*Zac Sunderland
*Vicki Van Meter (1982 – 2008)
*Ed Viesturs
*Ed Wardle
*Jessica Watson
*Jock Wishart
|}

Fictional adventurers

{|
|-----
| valign="top" |
*Allan Quatermain
*Alanna of Trebond
*Argonauts
*Avatar: The Last Airbender
*The Adventures of Baron Munchausen|Baron Munchausen
*Benjamin Gates
*Bilbo Baggins
*Conan the Barbarian
*Corwin of Amber
*Charles Muntz
*Corto Maltese
*Dirk Pitt
*Doc Savage
*Doctor Who|The Doctor
*Don Quixote
*Drizzt Do'Urden
*Duncan Macleod
*List of The Mummy characters#Evelyn Carnahan-O'Connell|Evelyn Carnahan-O'Connell<ref>[http://mummy.wikia.com/wiki/Evelyn_O'Connell Mummy.wikia.com]</ref>
| valign="top" |
*Finn and Jake (from Adventure Time)
*The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack|Flapjack
*Flash Gordon
*Flynn Rider
*Frodo Baggins
*Han Solo
*Indiana Jones
*Jack Flanders
*Romancing the Stone|Jack T. Colton
* Jake English (from Homestuck)
*John Carter (character)
*Jonny Quest
* Johnny Thunder (from Lego Adventurers)
*Lara Croft
*Lemuel Gulliver
*Link (The Legend of Zelda)
*Lord Asriel
| valign="top" |
*Luke Skywalker
*Angus MacGyver|MacGyver
*Monkey D. Luffy
*Nathan Drake (character)|Nathan Drake
*Odysseus
*Randolph Carter
*Rick O'Connell
*Rip Haywire (comic strip)|Rip Haywire
*Doctor_Thaddeus_Venture|Rusty Venture
*Scrooge McDuck
*Sinbad
*Solomon Kane
*Son Goku
*Spirou
*Tintin (character)|Tintin
*Tom Swift
*Xena
|}

References

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